What Are OBD2 EOBD Codes And How Do They Work?

Obd2 Eobd Codes are standardized fault codes used to pinpoint automotive problems, providing a starting point for diagnosis and repair by indicating the affected system and potential components. CAR-TOOL.EDU.VN offers detailed resources to help you understand these codes, ensuring accurate diagnostics and efficient repairs. We provide comprehensive guides, troubleshooting tips, and access to a wide range of diagnostic tools, empowering you to resolve issues effectively. Our resources include OBD diagnostic tools, automotive repair guides, and engine performance analysis.

1. What is an OBD2 EOBD Code?

An OBD2 EOBD code is a five-character alphanumeric code used to identify problems detected by a vehicle’s on-board diagnostic system, helping technicians pinpoint the source of the issue. These codes are crucial for diagnosing and repairing modern vehicles, as they provide a standardized way to communicate fault information. By understanding these codes, technicians and vehicle owners can efficiently troubleshoot and address automotive problems.

OBD2 (On-Board Diagnostics II) is a standardized system used in most vehicles since 1996 to monitor the performance of the engine, emissions systems, and other components. EOBD (European On-Board Diagnostics) is the European equivalent of OBD2, with similar functionalities and diagnostic codes. Both systems store diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) when they detect a malfunction. These codes help technicians quickly identify the problem area and begin the repair process.

1.1 History and Evolution of OBD2 and EOBD

The journey to standardized vehicle diagnostics began in the late 1960s as environmental regulations pushed for cleaner emissions.

• Late 1960s – Early 1980s: The earliest forms of on-board diagnostics were primitive and manufacturer-specific. These systems were primarily designed to monitor basic engine functions.
• Late 1980s – OBD-I: The California Air Resources Board (CARB) introduced OBD-I in the late 1980s, mandating basic diagnostic capabilities for vehicles sold in California. However, OBD-I systems were not standardized, and each manufacturer used different diagnostic connectors and protocols.
• Mid-1990s – OBD-II: In 1996, OBD-II became mandatory in the United States for all new vehicles. OBD-II provided a standardized diagnostic system with uniform connectors, protocols, and diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs). This standardization allowed technicians to use a single scan tool to diagnose vehicles from different manufacturers.
• Early 2000s – EOBD: In the early 2000s, the European Union adopted EOBD, mirroring the OBD-II standards to ensure consistent emission control monitoring across Europe. EOBD requires all gasoline vehicles sold in the EU from 2001 and all diesel vehicles from 2004 to comply with the standards.
• Present: Modern vehicles continue to evolve with advanced diagnostic capabilities. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) continuously update the OBD-II and EOBD standards to incorporate new technologies and address emerging issues.

1.2 Key Differences Between OBD2 and EOBD

While OBD2 and EOBD are very similar, some key differences exist due to regional regulatory requirements:

• Geographical Application: OBD2 is primarily used in the United States, while EOBD is used in Europe.
• Emission Standards: EOBD often adheres to stricter European emission standards compared to OBD2.
• Testing Procedures: Some testing procedures and monitoring parameters may vary slightly between OBD2 and EOBD.
• Legislative Mandates: The specific legislative mandates and enforcement may differ based on the region.

According to a study by the SAE, the standardization of OBD-II has significantly improved the efficiency of vehicle diagnostics and repairs. The study, published in the SAE International Journal of Engines, found that standardized DTCs and diagnostic procedures have reduced diagnostic times by up to 40%.

2. How OBD2 EOBD Codes Work

OBD2 EOBD codes function by providing a standardized method for a vehicle’s computer to report detected issues, offering technicians a structured approach to diagnostics and repairs. When a sensor or system detects a problem, the vehicle’s computer stores a specific code that corresponds to that issue. Technicians can then retrieve these codes using a scan tool, which helps them identify the affected area and begin troubleshooting.

The system continuously monitors various vehicle components and systems. When a parameter falls outside the acceptable range, the computer registers a diagnostic trouble code (DTC). This process involves several steps:

1. Monitoring: The vehicle’s computer, also known as the Engine Control Unit (ECU) or Powertrain Control Module (PCM), continuously monitors the performance of various sensors and systems.
2. Detection: When a sensor reading deviates from the expected range, the ECU detects a fault.
3. Code Storage: The ECU stores a corresponding DTC in its memory.
4. Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL): In many cases, the ECU will illuminate the MIL, commonly known as the “check engine light,” to alert the driver of the issue.
5. Retrieval: Technicians use a scan tool to retrieve the stored DTCs from the ECU.
6. Diagnosis: The technician uses the DTC as a starting point to diagnose the problem, often consulting service manuals and performing additional tests.
7. Repair: Once the problem is identified, the technician performs the necessary repairs.
8. Verification: After the repair, the technician clears the DTC and verifies that the system is functioning correctly.

2.1 Structure and Breakdown of OBD2 EOBD Codes

Understanding the structure of OBD2 EOBD codes is essential for accurate diagnosis. Each code consists of five characters: one letter followed by four digits.

• First Character (Letter): Indicates the system where the fault originated.
  • P – Powertrain (engine, transmission)
  • B – Body (interior, airbags, etc.)
  • C – Chassis (brakes, suspension, steering)
  • U – Network Communication (communication between control modules)
• Second Character (Digit): Specifies whether the code is generic or manufacturer-specific.
  • 0 – Generic (SAE defined)
  • 1 – Manufacturer-specific
• Third Character (Digit): Indicates the subsystem.
  • 1 – Fuel and Air Metering
  • 2 – Fuel and Air Metering (Injector Circuit)
  • 3 – Ignition System or Misfire
  • 4 – Auxiliary Emission Controls
  • 5 – Vehicle Speed Control and Idle Control
  • 6 – Computer Output Circuits
  • 7 and 8 – Transmission
• Fourth and Fifth Characters (Digits): Specify the specific fault within the subsystem. These digits provide more detailed information about the nature of the problem.

For example, a code like P0301 can be broken down as follows:

• P – Powertrain
• 0 – Generic
• 3 – Ignition System or Misfire
• 01 – Cylinder 1 Misfire

This code indicates a generic powertrain-related issue, specifically a misfire detected in cylinder 1.

2.2 Common Categories of OBD2 EOBD Codes

OBD2 EOBD codes are categorized based on the system they relate to. Here are some common categories:

• Powertrain Codes (P0xxx, P1xxx): These codes relate to the engine and transmission. Common issues include misfires, fuel system problems, and sensor malfunctions.
  • P0300 – Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected
  • P0171 – System Too Lean (Bank 1)
  • P0420 – Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
• Body Codes (B0xxx, B1xxx): These codes pertain to components within the vehicle’s body, such as airbags, power windows, and security systems.
  • B0001 – Deployment Loop 1 Resistance Low
  • B0057 – Driver Seat Position Sensor Circuit
• Chassis Codes (C0xxx, C1xxx): These codes relate to the chassis system, including brakes, suspension, and steering.
  • C0035 – Front Right Wheel Speed Sensor Circuit
  • C0265 – ABS/EBCM Control Valve Relay Circuit
• Network Communication Codes (U0xxx, U1xxx): These codes indicate issues with communication between the vehicle’s control modules.
  • U0100 – Lost Communication With ECM/PCM
  • U0155 – Lost Communication With Instrument Panel Cluster (IPC) Control Module

3. Why Are OBD2 EOBD Codes Important?

OBD2 EOBD codes are important because they enable accurate and efficient vehicle diagnostics, leading to faster repairs and reduced downtime. By providing a standardized system for identifying issues, these codes help technicians and vehicle owners understand the problems and take appropriate action. This results in improved vehicle performance, reduced emissions, and enhanced safety.

OBD2 EOBD codes play a crucial role in modern vehicle maintenance and repair:

• Accurate Diagnostics: They provide a precise starting point for diagnosing vehicle problems.
• Efficient Repairs: They help technicians quickly identify the affected area, reducing diagnostic time and repair costs.
• Emission Control: They ensure that vehicles meet emission standards, contributing to environmental protection.
• Preventive Maintenance: They can help identify potential issues before they become major problems, allowing for timely maintenance.
• Standardization: They provide a standardized system for all vehicles, making it easier for technicians to work on different makes and models.

According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the implementation of OBD-II has significantly reduced vehicle emissions. The report, titled “OBD-II Effectiveness Study,” found that OBD-II systems have led to a 20% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions and a 15% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions.

3.1 Benefits of Using OBD2 EOBD Codes

Using OBD2 EOBD codes offers numerous benefits for vehicle owners and technicians:

• Reduced Diagnostic Time: Quickly pinpoint the source of the problem, saving time and labor costs.
• Improved Repair Accuracy: Ensure that the correct repairs are performed, reducing the risk of misdiagnosis and unnecessary part replacements.
• Enhanced Vehicle Performance: Address issues promptly to maintain optimal vehicle performance and fuel efficiency.
• Increased Safety: Identify and resolve safety-related issues, such as brake problems or airbag malfunctions.
• Cost Savings: Prevent minor issues from escalating into major repairs, saving money in the long run.

3.2 Consequences of Ignoring OBD2 EOBD Codes

Ignoring OBD2 EOBD codes can lead to serious consequences:

• Vehicle Damage: Minor issues can worsen over time, leading to costly repairs or even complete system failures.
• Reduced Fuel Efficiency: Engine problems can decrease fuel economy, resulting in higher fuel costs.
• Increased Emissions: Emission-related issues can cause the vehicle to fail emission tests, leading to fines and penalties.
• Safety Risks: Unresolved safety issues can increase the risk of accidents and injuries.
• Decreased Resale Value: Neglecting vehicle maintenance can lower the resale value.

4. How to Read and Interpret OBD2 EOBD Codes

Reading and interpreting OBD2 EOBD codes involves using a scan tool to retrieve the codes from the vehicle’s computer and then understanding the meaning of each code. This process requires familiarity with the structure of the codes and access to resources that provide detailed information about each code.

To effectively read and interpret OBD2 EOBD codes, follow these steps:

1. Acquire a Scan Tool: Purchase an OBD2 scan tool. These tools range from basic code readers to advanced diagnostic scanners with enhanced features. CAR-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a variety of scan tools to meet different needs and budgets.
2. Connect the Scan Tool: Locate the OBD2 port in your vehicle. It is typically found under the dashboard on the driver’s side. Plug the scan tool into the port.
3. Turn On the Ignition: Turn the ignition key to the “on” position without starting the engine.
4. Read the Codes: Follow the scan tool’s instructions to read the stored DTCs. The tool will display the codes on its screen.
5. Record the Codes: Write down the codes for reference. Note the order in which they appear.
6. Interpret the Codes: Use a reliable resource, such as CAR-TOOL.EDU.VN’s code lookup database, to interpret the meaning of each code.
7. Diagnose the Problem: Based on the code descriptions, begin diagnosing the problem. Consult service manuals and perform additional tests as needed.
8. Repair the Vehicle: Perform the necessary repairs to address the issue.
9. Clear the Codes: After the repair, use the scan tool to clear the DTCs from the vehicle’s computer.
10. Verify the Repair: Drive the vehicle to ensure that the problem is resolved and that no new codes appear.

4.1 Tools Needed to Read OBD2 EOBD Codes

To read OBD2 EOBD codes, you will need the following tools:

• OBD2 Scan Tool: This is the primary tool for retrieving DTCs from the vehicle’s computer.
• Vehicle Service Manual: This manual provides detailed information about the vehicle’s systems and components, including diagnostic procedures and repair instructions.
• Multimeter: This tool is used to test electrical circuits and components.
• Diagnostic Software: Some advanced scan tools come with diagnostic software that provides additional information and troubleshooting tips.
• Code Lookup Database: This resource helps you interpret the meaning of each DTC. CAR-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a comprehensive code lookup database.

CAR-TOOL.EDU.VN provides a wide range of diagnostic tools and resources to help you read and interpret OBD2 EOBD codes effectively. Our products include:

• Basic Code Readers: Affordable and easy-to-use tools for reading and clearing DTCs.
• Advanced Diagnostic Scanners: Feature-rich scanners with enhanced capabilities, such as live data streaming, component testing, and bidirectional control.
• Vehicle Service Manuals: Detailed manuals for various makes and models.
• Diagnostic Software: Software that provides additional information and troubleshooting tips.
• Code Lookup Database: A comprehensive database with detailed information about thousands of OBD2 EOBD codes.

4.2 Common Mistakes to Avoid When Interpreting Codes

When interpreting OBD2 EOBD codes, it is important to avoid common mistakes that can lead to misdiagnosis and unnecessary repairs:

• Replacing Parts Based on Code Alone: Never replace parts solely based on the DTC. Always perform additional tests to confirm the diagnosis.
• Ignoring Freeze Frame Data: Freeze frame data provides a snapshot of the vehicle’s operating conditions when the DTC was stored. This information can be valuable in diagnosing the problem.
• Overlooking Related Symptoms: Consider any related symptoms that the vehicle is exhibiting. These symptoms can provide additional clues about the nature of the problem.
• Failing to Consult Service Manuals: Always consult the vehicle’s service manual for detailed diagnostic procedures and repair instructions.
• Ignoring Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs): TSBs provide information about common issues and recommended solutions.
• Not Clearing Codes After Repair: Always clear the DTCs after performing the repair to ensure that the system is functioning correctly.
• Neglecting Basic Maintenance: Often, DTCs are triggered by simple maintenance issues, such as a loose gas cap or a dirty air filter.
• Using Low-Quality Scan Tools: Investing in a high-quality scan tool can improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

5. Common OBD2 EOBD Codes and Their Meanings

Several OBD2 EOBD codes are frequently encountered, each indicating specific issues within the vehicle’s systems. Understanding these common codes can help you quickly identify and address problems.

Here are some common OBD2 EOBD codes and their meanings:

• P0300 – Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected: This code indicates that the engine is experiencing misfires in multiple cylinders or that the misfire is random and not isolated to a single cylinder.
  • Possible Causes: Faulty spark plugs, ignition coils, fuel injectors, vacuum leaks, low compression, or a malfunctioning crankshaft position sensor.
  • Troubleshooting Steps: Check spark plugs, ignition coils, and fuel injectors. Perform a compression test to assess cylinder health. Inspect for vacuum leaks.
• P0171 – System Too Lean (Bank 1): This code indicates that the air-fuel mixture is too lean, meaning there is too much air and not enough fuel.
  • Possible Causes: Vacuum leaks, dirty mass airflow (MAF) sensor, faulty oxygen sensor, low fuel pressure, or a malfunctioning fuel injector.
  • Troubleshooting Steps: Inspect for vacuum leaks. Clean or replace the MAF sensor. Test the oxygen sensor and fuel pressure.
• P0420 – Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1): This code indicates that the catalytic converter is not functioning efficiently and is not reducing emissions as required.
  • Possible Causes: Faulty catalytic converter, exhaust leaks, faulty oxygen sensors, or engine problems that are causing excessive emissions.
  • Troubleshooting Steps: Inspect the catalytic converter for damage. Check for exhaust leaks. Test the oxygen sensors.
• P0401 – Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Flow Insufficient Detected: This code indicates that the EGR system is not flowing enough exhaust gas into the intake manifold, which can increase emissions and reduce engine performance.
  • Possible Causes: Clogged EGR valve or passages, faulty EGR valve position sensor, vacuum leaks in the EGR system, or a malfunctioning EGR solenoid.
  • Troubleshooting Steps: Inspect and clean the EGR valve and passages. Test the EGR valve position sensor and solenoid. Check for vacuum leaks.
• P0301 – Cylinder 1 Misfire Detected: This code indicates that there is a misfire specifically in cylinder 1.
  • Possible Causes: Faulty spark plug, ignition coil, or fuel injector in cylinder 1. Low compression in cylinder 1.
  • Troubleshooting Steps: Check the spark plug, ignition coil, and fuel injector in cylinder 1. Perform a compression test on cylinder 1.
• P0113 – Intake Air Temperature Sensor 1 Circuit High: This code indicates that the signal from the intake air temperature (IAT) sensor is too high, suggesting a potential issue with the sensor or its circuit.
  • Possible Causes: Faulty IAT sensor, open circuit in the IAT sensor wiring, or a poor connection at the IAT sensor.
  • Troubleshooting Steps: Check the IAT sensor and its wiring for damage. Use a multimeter to test the sensor’s resistance and the circuit’s continuity.

5.1 How to Diagnose and Fix Common OBD2 EOBD Code Issues

Diagnosing and fixing common OBD2 EOBD code issues requires a systematic approach. Here are some general steps:

1. Verify the Code: Use a scan tool to confirm that the code is present and to check for any other related codes.
2. Gather Information: Consult service manuals, technical service bulletins (TSBs), and online resources to gather information about the code and potential causes.
3. Inspect the Affected Components: Visually inspect the components related to the code for damage, wear, or loose connections.
4. Test the Components: Use a multimeter, scan tool, or other diagnostic tools to test the components and circuits.
5. Repair or Replace Components: Repair or replace any faulty components as needed.
6. Clear the Code: Use a scan tool to clear the DTC after performing the repair.
7. Verify the Repair: Drive the vehicle to ensure that the problem is resolved and that no new codes appear.

5.2 When to Seek Professional Help

While many OBD2 EOBD code issues can be resolved by DIYers, some problems require professional help. Consider seeking professional assistance in the following situations:

• Complex Diagnostic Procedures: If the diagnostic procedures are complex or require specialized equipment.
• Unfamiliarity with Vehicle Systems: If you are not familiar with the vehicle’s systems or components.
• Persistent Codes: If the code persists after attempting to repair the issue.
• Safety Concerns: If the issue poses a safety risk, such as brake problems or airbag malfunctions.
• Emission Failures: If the vehicle fails an emission test.

6. Advanced OBD2 EOBD Code Techniques

Advanced OBD2 EOBD code techniques involve using sophisticated diagnostic tools and procedures to troubleshoot complex vehicle problems. These techniques are typically used by experienced technicians and require a deep understanding of vehicle systems.

Some advanced techniques include:

• Live Data Streaming: Monitoring live data from sensors and components to identify abnormalities.
• Component Testing: Using a scan tool to activate and test individual components.
• Bidirectional Control: Using a scan tool to send commands to the vehicle’s computer to control various functions.
• Network Scanning: Scanning the vehicle’s network to identify communication issues between control modules.
• Advanced Emission Testing: Using specialized equipment to perform advanced emission tests.

6.1 Using Live Data for Diagnosis

Live data streaming involves monitoring real-time data from the vehicle’s sensors and components. This technique can be valuable in diagnosing intermittent problems or issues that are not readily apparent through static testing.

To use live data effectively:

1. Connect the Scan Tool: Connect a scan tool that supports live data streaming to the vehicle’s OBD2 port.
2. Select Live Data Parameters: Choose the parameters that are relevant to the problem you are diagnosing. For example, if you are diagnosing a misfire, you might monitor the engine RPM, mass airflow, oxygen sensor readings, and fuel trim values.
3. Monitor the Data: Start the engine and monitor the live data as the vehicle operates. Look for any abnormalities or deviations from the expected values.
4. Analyze the Data: Analyze the data to identify the root cause of the problem. Consult service manuals and online resources for guidance.
5. Perform Additional Tests: Perform additional tests as needed to confirm the diagnosis.

6.2 Performing Component Tests

Component testing involves using a scan tool to activate and test individual components. This technique can be useful in verifying that a component is functioning correctly.

To perform component tests:

1. Connect the Scan Tool: Connect a scan tool that supports component testing to the vehicle’s OBD2 port.
2. Select the Component Test: Choose the component test that you want to perform.
3. Follow the Instructions: Follow the scan tool’s instructions to activate and test the component.
4. Analyze the Results: Analyze the results of the test to determine if the component is functioning correctly.
5. Perform Additional Tests: Perform additional tests as needed to confirm the diagnosis.

7. OBD2 EOBD Code Resources

Numerous resources are available to help you understand and troubleshoot OBD2 EOBD codes. These resources include online databases, service manuals, technical service bulletins (TSBs), and diagnostic forums.

Here are some valuable OBD2 EOBD code resources:

• CAR-TOOL.EDU.VN Code Lookup Database: Our comprehensive database provides detailed information about thousands of OBD2 EOBD codes.
• Vehicle Service Manuals: These manuals provide detailed information about the vehicle’s systems and components, including diagnostic procedures and repair instructions.
• Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs): TSBs provide information about common issues and recommended solutions.
• Diagnostic Forums: Online forums where technicians and DIYers share their experiences and expertise.
• SAE International: The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) publishes standards and technical information related to vehicle diagnostics.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): The EPA provides information about emission standards and regulations.

CAR-TOOL.EDU.VN is committed to providing you with the resources you need to diagnose and repair your vehicle effectively. Our website offers a wealth of information, including:

• Code Lookup Database: A comprehensive database with detailed information about thousands of OBD2 EOBD codes.
• Diagnostic Guides: Step-by-step guides for diagnosing and repairing common OBD2 EOBD code issues.
• Product Reviews: Reviews of diagnostic tools and equipment.
• Technical Articles: Articles on various automotive topics.
• Community Forum: A forum where you can ask questions and share your experiences with other vehicle owners and technicians.

8. Future Trends in OBD2 and EOBD Technology

The future of OBD2 and EOBD technology is evolving rapidly, driven by advancements in vehicle technology and increasing regulatory requirements. Some key trends include:

• Enhanced Diagnostic Capabilities: Future OBD systems will offer more advanced diagnostic capabilities, including the ability to monitor a wider range of parameters and systems.
• Wireless Communication: Wireless OBD2 adapters and smartphone apps will become more prevalent, allowing vehicle owners to easily monitor their vehicle’s health and performance.
• Cloud-Based Diagnostics: Cloud-based diagnostic platforms will provide technicians with access to real-time data, remote diagnostics, and advanced troubleshooting tools.
• Cybersecurity Enhancements: As vehicles become more connected, cybersecurity will become a greater concern. Future OBD systems will incorporate enhanced security measures to protect against hacking and data breaches.
• Integration with Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS): OBD systems will be integrated with ADAS to monitor the performance of these systems and to provide alerts when maintenance or repairs are needed.
• Predictive Maintenance: Future OBD systems will use machine learning and artificial intelligence to predict potential problems before they occur, allowing for proactive maintenance.

9. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About OBD2 EOBD Codes

Here are some frequently asked questions about OBD2 EOBD codes:

• What is the difference between OBD2 and EOBD?
  • OBD2 is the standard used in the United States, while EOBD is the European equivalent. They are very similar but have some differences in emission standards and testing procedures.
• Where is the OBD2 port located in my vehicle?
  • The OBD2 port is typically located under the dashboard on the driver’s side.
• Can I use any scan tool to read OBD2 codes?
  • Yes, but some scan tools have limited capabilities. For advanced diagnostics, you may need a more sophisticated scan tool.
• Is it safe to drive with the check engine light on?
  • It depends on the nature of the problem. If the light is flashing, it indicates a serious issue that requires immediate attention. If the light is solid, it is generally safe to drive, but you should have the problem diagnosed as soon as possible.
• How do I clear OBD2 codes?
  • You can clear OBD2 codes using a scan tool. Connect the scan tool to the OBD2 port and follow the instructions to clear the codes.
• Will clearing the codes fix the problem?
  • No, clearing the codes only erases the stored fault information. You must still diagnose and repair the underlying issue.
• Can I use a smartphone app to read OBD2 codes?
  • Yes, there are many smartphone apps that can read OBD2 codes. You will need a compatible OBD2 adapter that plugs into the OBD2 port and communicates with your smartphone via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.
• How much does it cost to diagnose an OBD2 code issue?
  • The cost can vary depending on the complexity of the problem and the labor rates of the repair shop. A basic diagnostic scan may cost between $50 and $150.
• Can I replace parts myself based on the OBD2 code?
  • It is generally not recommended to replace parts solely based on the OBD2 code. Always perform additional tests to confirm the diagnosis.
• What should I do if the check engine light comes back on after clearing the codes?
  • If the check engine light comes back on, it means that the underlying issue has not been resolved. You will need to diagnose and repair the problem before clearing the codes again.

10. Call to Action

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